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- Holograms
-
- Toss a pebble in a pond -see the ripples? Now drop two
- pebbles close together. Look at what happens when the two sets
- of waves combine -you get a new wave! When a crest and a trough
- meet, they cancel out and the water goes flat. When two crests
- meet, they produce one, bigger crest. When two troughs collide,
- they make a single, deeper trough. Believe it or not, you've
- just found a key to understanding how a hologram works. But what
- do waves in a pond have to do with those amazing three-
- dimensional pictures? How do waves make a hologram look like the
- real thing?
-
- It all starts with light. Without it, you can't see. And
- much like the ripples in a pond, light travels in waves. When
- you look at, say, an apple, what you really see are the waves of
- light reflected from it. Your two eyes each see a slightly
- different view of the apple. These different views tell you
- about the apple's depth -its form and where it sits in relation
- to other objects. Your brain processes this information so that
- you see the apple, and the rest of the world, in 3-D. You can
- look around objects, too -if the apple is blocking the view of
- an orange behind it, you can just move your head to one side.
- The apple seems to "move" out of the way so you can see the
- orange or even the back of the apple. If that seems a bit
- obvious, just try looking behind something in a regular
- photograph! You can't, because the photograph can't reproduce
- the infinitely complicated waves of light reflected by objects;
- the lens of a camera can only focus those waves into a flat, 2-D
- image. But a hologram can capture a 3-D image so lifelike that
- you can look around the image of the apple to an orange in the
- background -and it's all thanks to the special kind of light
- waves produced by a laser.
-
- "Normal" white light from the sun or a lightbulb is a
- combination of every colour of light in the spectrum -a mush of
- different waves that's useless for holograms. But a laser shines
- light in a thin, intense beam that's just one colour. That means
- laser light waves are uniform and in step. When two laser beams
- intersect, like two sets of ripples meeting in a pond, they
- produce a single new wave pattern: the hologram. Here's how it
- happens: Light coming from a laser is split into two beams,
- called the object beam and the reference beam. Spread by lenses
- and bounced off a mirror, the object beam hits the apple. Light
- waves reflect from the apple towards a photographic film. The
- reference beam heads straight to the film without hitting the
- apple. The two sets of waves meet and create a new wave pattern
- that hits the film and exposes it. On the film all you can see
- is a mass of dark and light swirls -it doesn't look like an
- apple at all! But shine the laser reference beam through the
- film once more and the pattern of swirls bends the light to re-
- create the original reflection waves from the apple -exactly.
-
- Not all holograms work this way -some use plastics instead
- of photographic film, others are visible in normal light. But
- all holograms are created with lasers -and new waves.
-
- All Thought Up and No Place to Go
-
- Holograms were invented in 1947 by Hungarian scientist
- Dennis Gabor, but they were ignored for years. Why? Like many
- great ideas, Gabor's theory about light waves was ahead of its
- time. The lasers needed to produce clean waves -and thus clean
- 3-D images -weren't invented until 1960. Gabor coined the name
- for his photographic technique from holos and gramma, Greek for
- "the whole message. " But for more than a decade, Gabor had only
- half the words. Gabor's contribution to science was recognized
- at last in 1971 with a Nobel Prize. He's got a chance for a last
- laugh, too. A perfect holographic portrait of the late scientist
- looking up from his desk with a smile could go on fooling
- viewers into saying hello forever. Actor Laurence Olivier has
- also achieved that kind of immortality -a hologram of the 80
- year-old can be seen these days on the stage in London, in a
- musical called Time.
-
- New Waves
-
- When it comes to looking at the future uses of holography,
- pictures are anything but the whole picture. Here are just a
- couple of the more unusual possibilities. Consider this: you're
- in a windowless room in the middle of an office tower, but
- you're reading by the light of the noonday sun! How can this be?
- A new invention that incorporates holograms into widow glazings
- makes it possible. Holograms can bend light to create complex 3-
- D images, but they can also simply redirect light rays. The
- window glaze holograms could focus sunlight coming through a
- window into a narrow beam, funnel it into an air duct with
- reflective walls above the ceiling and send it down the hall to
- your windowless cubbyhole. That could cut lighting costs and
- conserve energy. The holograms could even guide sunlight into
- the gloomy gaps between city skyscrapers and since they can bend
- light of different colors in different directions, they could be
- used to filter out the hot infrared light rays that stream
- through your car windows to bake you on summer days.
-
- Or, how about holding an entire library in the palm of
- your hand? Holography makes it theoretically possible. Words or
- pictures could be translated into a code of alternating light
- and dark spots and stored in an unbelievably tiny space. That's
- because light waves are very, very skinny. You could lay about
- 1000 lightwaves side by side across the width of the period at
- the end of this sentence. One calculation holds that by using
- holograms, the U. S. Library of Congress could be stored in the
- space of a sugar cube. For now, holographic data storage remains
- little more than a fascinating idea because the materials needed
- to do the job haven't been invented yet. But it's clear that
- holograms, which author Isaac Asimov called "the greatest
- advance in imaging since the eye" will continue to make waves in
- the world of science.
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